Justifying device



March 1932. v. E. POEPPELMEIER JUSTIFYING DEVICE Filed June 25, 1930 a T 6 I Patented Mar. 1, 1932 p UNITED" STATES PATENT OFFICE vgnvcmv'r E. romrnnmnmn, on- DAYTON, OHIO sunrYINe nnvrcn Application filed June 23, 1930. Serial No. 463,140.

This invention relates to typejustification. the spaces between adjacent words that the One object of the inventionis the provision ends of the, lines will all be even; This has of a novel justifying type piece, quad or ordinarily been done inthe past by calculaspacer, of variable width. tions and intricate mechanical means and no '7 Another object of the invention resides in practical or satisfactory method has ever 55 the methodof arranging type by which words been known for justifying type, especially are formed from type in juxtaposed lines of hand set type, so that aseries of lines are different lengths, the distance between .adjaformed of exactlythe same length. In ac= cent words beingathen varied to make the cordancewith the present invention, however,

- lines all ofthe same length. the type is so arranged that the lines are all 60 tify the distance between adjacent words; desired length are obtained. Suchquads or Other objects and advantages of the invenof the same length and the justifying operation will be apparent from the following detion is accomplished very rapidly and by an scription, the appended claims, and the acordinary laymamand without the use ofcomcompanyingdrawings, in which I plicated or intricate apparatus.

15 Fig. 1 is a view of a number of letter type In carrying'thisinvention into effect,'usc arranged in a chase plate and having justifyis made of justifying type pieces, quads or 7 ing spacers arranged between adjacent words spacers adapted to be used in or between'adin-accordance withthe present invention jacent words, the spacers or type-pieces being Fig. 2 is a section on theline 22 of ig. 1; of variable width. Preferably the spacers 2n -Fig. 3 is an enlarged view .of several letter are formed integrally with portions at the type and justifying spacers, before justificaend thereof adapted to be forced apartor tion has takenplace; forced together so that a number of words i Fig. 4 is a view corresponding to Fig. 3 maybe suitably spaced after they have been after the spacers have been expanded to'jusarranged in the chaseplate; and lines of the 5 Fig. 5 is a section on the line 5+5 of'Fig. 3; spacers are shown at 13 in Fig.1, this figure 1 Fig. 6 is a section on the line 66 of Fig. 45 showing-1a number of justifying quads, all of Fig. 7 is a side view of a justifying quad similar form and construction, arranged beembodying the present invention; tween adj acentwords in the several lines of Fig. 8 is aview of the quad in its expanded type. The words are formed of a number ondition; of individual type, each of whichhas a letter Fig. 9 is a front view of the quad shown in forming upper end, the type and the justify- Fi 7 d mg quads being arranged in the type-retain- Fig. 10 shows a modified form of quad ling grooves 1 1 either hand or by a'suitadapted to .be contracted during the justifyable type sett ng machlne; Each individual ing operation 7 piece ofthe letter type maybe self-justify- Referring more particularlyto the draw- 1ng,'hav1ng an upper endportion of variable ings, in which preferred embodiments of the I W1dth,.or as shown n the'drawings, the justiinvention are illustrated, Fig. 1 shows a porfying operation may be accomplished only tion of a chase platein which anumber of by varying the width of the spacer between type are arranged to form aseries of words, adjacent words. i w formed in juxtaposed lines. Thechase plate As shown in Figs. 7, 8, and 9 the quad or 10 in which the type is heldis shown as of spacer 1'3, wh1ch as herein shown is adapted flat formation having type retaining grooves for use with short mold type, has a foot or 11 in which the short cast letter type 12 is r ebase 15, neck 16, and ahead 17 It is of a .9

tained, but obviously the invention isnot at height slightly less thanthe total: height of all limited to a plate which is flat, or to type the letter type with which it is used so that of any particularlengthn it will not cause anyimprint upon the paper.

In order to have all of the printed lines of Preferably it'reaches up just slightly above the same length it is desirable rtosoarr'ange ,the blockportions of the-letter type, as shown in Fig. 5. The top end of the spacer or quad is formed so that its width may be varied. A preferred construction is shown in Fig. 7 in which the upper end of the quad is provided with two spaced wedge shaped projections 20 and 21, cast integrally with the quad, and normally having a total width less than the width of the body portion of the quad. The angle between the two wedge projections 1s preferably about The width of the quad shown in Fig. 7 is varied by forcing the two projections 20 and 21 apart so that they project out laterally beyond the sides of the quadand thus-divide adjacent words variably. The expansion can be accomplished by an ordinary center punch or by a wedge shaped chisel, or the like, which can be inserted between the wedge projections and struck by a hammer so that the two wedge projections move apart and the quad is then as shown in Fig. 8, it being noted that the width of the quad is now greater than it was because the center punch has forced the intermediate portions of the wedge projections outwardly beyond the sides of the body. portion of the quad.

' In Fig. 10 there is shown a modified form of quad which is cast so that the two wedge projections 28 and 24. normally extend outwardly beyond the sides of the body portion of the quad, and they may be forced towards one another by compression sothat the total width of the quad is reduced.

WVhen type is to be set, the proper words are formed from the individual letter type, and a justifying quad is used between each pair of adjacent words, the various type being applied to the type-holding grooves 11 of the plate 10. The ends of the lines will be uneven at first, for the number of letters in a line will, vary, and there will be varying numbers of justifying quads in each line. The, quads, of the form shown in Fig. 7, when assembled between adjacent words will beof their minimum width. A marginal strip 25 is then applied to the plate, defining the maximum line length, and all of the other lines that may be shorter than the maximum line length are then expanded by expansion of the justifying quads by striking them one after the other, preferably manually, it being understood that in those lines that must be expanded considerably the justifying quads are struck harder blows so as to expand them alittle more than those that may be in the longer lines. The quads in the longest line need not be struck at all, and only a few of the quads in the longer lines need be struck lightly; and of course a short line at the end of a paragraph need not be lengthened at all. The justifying operation may be accomplished in a very short time, and no particular care is required to have the expanded justifying quads in any one line of exactly the same width. 'The various lines of type are thus very readily and in a few minutes time all made of uniform length and the set type is now ready for use.

Fig. 3 shows a number of letter type arranged with justifying spacers or quads, and Fig. 4 shows the same type after the spacers have been expanded and the line justified. In Fig. 5 the cross-sectional view corresponding to Fig. 3 shows the sides of the body portion of the quad in abutting relation with the sides of the adjacent letter type, While in Fig. 6 the quad has been expanded, and the distance between adjacent letter type is determined by the outwardly extending wedge projections 20 and 21.

The justifying quads may be used directly in an automatic typesetting machine, all of the quads being of the same form and construction and of a uniform width; or the type and the quads may be set by hand as previously described. Preferably the width of a quad is about .07 of an inch, and in this size the type is adapted to be used directly in the automatic typesetting'machine.

Instead of expanding the spacers to justify juxtaposed lines of type, spacers such as are shown in Fig. 10 may be employed, and the various lines of type maybe simultaneously forced or contracted to'the same length as the shortest line, or to a desired length. In this case the marginal strip 25 shown in Fig. 1, may be replaced by a heavier rigid bar which may be forced over by suitable mechanical means thus-causingthe simultaneous justification of all ,of'the lines of type. It will be understood'that due to the tapering form of the projections 23 and 2 1 of the quads shown in Fig. .10, all of the spacers in aline will be compressed about the same amount, for the force required to'bend the wedge portions together varies approximately with the amount of compression taking place. 1

While the methods herein described, and the forms. of apparatus for carrying these methods into effect, constitute preferred embodiments of the invention, it is to'be understood that the invention is not limited to these precise methods and forms of apparatus, and that changes may be made in either without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims.

What is claimed is: v

1. A justifying type piece having a foot portion of definite width and havinga top portion of variable width.

2. A ustifying spacer for short mold type, having notched sides and a bottom foot of definite width, and having an irregularly formed top portion which is readily deformable to change the width of the spacer.

3. A justifying type piece having at one end thereof a pair of spaced wedge shaped projections adapted to be bent to change the width of the spacer. Y

4. An integral cast justifying short mold type piece having an expansible end and havmg a foot portion of definite width.

5. A justifying spacer having integrally formed wedge shaped projections normally occupying a total width not exceeding the width of the spacer and adapted to be forced apart so as to project out beyond the side body portions of the spacer.

6. A justifying spacer having a pair of wedge shaped projections normally projecting out along the body portions of the spacer and adapted to be forced towards one another to vary the total width of the spacer.

7. The method of arranging type comprising forming spaced words from letter type and spacers of the short mold type into juxtaposed lines of different lengths and then expanding the spacers to expand the distance between adjacent words in the shorter lines to make the lines of the same length.

In testimony whereof I hereto afiix my signature.

VINCENT E. POEPPELMEIER. 

